Timely and accurate diagnosis through rapid tests can reduce the time to pathogen identification and facilitate faster, optimized antimicrobial treatment.

Diagnostics are an essential part of the global effort to avert the silent AMR pandemic through:

         1.   Allowing for active surveillance of drug resistance
         2.   Enabling the optimal use of existing drugs
         3.   Protecting and ensuring the appropriate use of new treatments

 On this page you will find links to key resources on Diagnostics for AMR. 

Cost-effectiveness of point-of-care diagnostics for AMR: a systematic review
This literature review examines the cost-effectiveness of point-of-care diagnostics for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). By systematically analyzing a range of studies, it aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how these diagnostics impact healthcare costs, patient outcomes, and the broader economic implications for healthcare systems.

AMR & Diagnostic Frontiers Event with CARB-X and FIN (Video)
This video captures the "AMR & Diagnostic Frontiers" event, a collaborative effort between CARB-X and FIN, focusing on the latest advancements and challenges in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) diagnostics. The event brings together leading experts to discuss innovative solutions and future directions in the field. 

Phenotypic and genotypic patterns of antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poultry in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
This systematic review and meta-analysis examine the phenotypic and genotypic patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock and poultry across South Asia. The study aims to synthesize existing data to understand the prevalence and mechanisms of resistance, and to provide insights for improving antimicrobial stewardship and public health interventions in the region.

AMR Rapid Diagnostics - Roadmap to Future Solutions (Video)
The video “AMR Rapid Diagnostics - Roadmap to Future Solutions” presents a comprehensive exploration of the current landscape and future prospects of rapid diagnostic technologies for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This event features insights from leading experts and stakeholders in the field.

Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic methods for the identification and characterization of bacterial isolates recovered from catheter-associated urinary tract infections
This study evaluates and compares phenotypic and genotypic methods for identifying and characterizing bacterial isolates from catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). The goal is to determine the effectiveness of each method in accurately diagnosing and characterizing pathogens, which is crucial for effective treatment and infection management.

Guide for establishing laboratory-based surveillance for antimicrobial resistance
This guide outlines the essential steps for establishing a laboratory-based surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It provides a comprehensive approach to setting up a system that will effectively monitor and manage AMR, ensuring accurate detection and reporting of resistance patterns.

Detection Methods for Antibiotic Resistance
This video provides an in-depth look at various techniques and technologies used to identify antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. The event features expert presentations and discussions on the latest advancements and methodologies in the field. 

Standard Operating Procedure for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance
This SOP outlines the procedures for the systematic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microbial pathogens. It ensures standardized methods for sample collection, testing, data analysis, and reporting.

Antibiotic resistance determination using Enterococcus faecium whole-genome sequences: a diagnostic accuracy study using genotypic and phenotypic data
This study explores the use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to determine antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecium, comparing the diagnostic accuracy of genotypic data obtained from WGS with traditional phenotypic resistance testing methods.

Standard Operating Procedures Bacteriology
This document provides Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for bacteriology laboratory practices, including sample processing, culturing, identification, and susceptibility testing. These SOPs are designed to ensure consistency, accuracy, and reliability in bacteriological testing.

Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes: an observational study in France
This observational study investigates the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Listeria monocytogenes isolates in France, using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The study aims to provide insights into the prevalence of resistance, the mechanisms involved, and the implications for public health.

National Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Framework

The National Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Framework provides a structured approach to monitoring and managing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at a national level. This framework outlines the essential components and processes required to establish and maintain an effective AMR surveillance system. 

Point-of-care tests: the key to reducing antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections in primary care?
This paper investigates whether point-of-care tests (POCTs) are the key to reducing antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in primary care. It evaluates the efficacy of POCTs in accurately diagnosing RTIs and their impact on antibiotic prescribing patterns.

Cost-Effectiveness of Test-and-Treat Strategies to Reduce the Antibiotic Prescription Rate for Acute Febrile Illness in Primary Healthcare Clinics in Africa
This paper evaluates the cost-effectiveness of test-and-treat strategies to reduce antibiotic prescription rates for acute febrile illness in primary healthcare clinics in Africa. With a focus on resource-limited settings, the study analyzes the economic and clinical impacts of implementing diagnostic tests to guide antibiotic treatment.

Ultrasensitive Dual ELONA/SERS–RPA Multiplex Diagnosis of Antimicrobial Resistance
This paper report a novel proof-of-concept magnetic scaffold-recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technique, coupled with an enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELONA) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection. This innovative approach is designed to selectively amplify and detect the DNA signature of three resistant carbapenemase genes: VIM, KPC, and IMP.

Detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using advanced spectroscopic techniques: A review
This review focuses on the application of advanced spectroscopic techniques for the detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). It explores various spectroscopic methods.

Analytical techniques for assessing antimicrobial resistance: Conventional solutions, contemporary problems and futuristic outlooks
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the analytical techniques used to assess antimicrobial resistance (AMR), examining conventional solutions, contemporary problems, and futuristic outlooks.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) spectroscopy to monitor metabolic activity
This paper investigates the use of infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) spectroscopy for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by monitoring the metabolic activity of bacteria. The study explores how IR-ATR spectroscopy can be employed to measure the biochemical changes in bacterial cultures, providing real-time data on their metabolic state.

Staphylococcus Aureus-Related antibiotic resistance detection using synergy of Surface-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy and deep learning
This paper investigates a novel approach for detecting antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by combining Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) with deep learning algorithms.

Validating the utility of heavy water (Deuterium Oxide) as a potential Raman spectroscopic probe for identification of antibiotic resistance
This study explores the potential of heavy water (deuterium oxide, D₂O) as a Raman spectroscopic probe for identifying antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains. The study aims to assess whether D₂O can enhance the sensitivity and specificity of Raman spectroscopy in detecting resistance markers.

WHO report: Landscape of diagnostics against antibacterial resistance, gaps and priorities
In this report, the World Health Organization (WHO) has mapped available and pipeline diagnostics against AMR, identified gaps in the availability of such diagnostics in LMICs, and established a research and development (R&D) priority list of diagnostics against AMR for the next 3–5 years.

WHO: Molecular methods for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) diagnostics to enhance the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System
This manual provides information on types of molecular diagnostic tests and how to use them to monitor AMR and produce data for surveillance systems. 

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: performance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria and fungi
Guidance document for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of bacteria and fungi. This brochure explains basic facts concerning the relevance and procedures of in vitro susceptibility testing. It provides information on the essential elements required to perform and utilize susceptibility testing as a tool for optimizing anti-infectious therapy.

AMR & Diagnostic Frontiers: developing and increasing access to AMR diagnostics in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs)
This is a virtual event hosted by FIND and CARB-X discusses successful diagnostic developments from countries in the global south specifically India, Morrocco, and Senegal.

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