One Health approaches to rabies control in Bali, Indonesia

In 2008, the first rabies case was reported in Bali, Indonesia. Culling unconfined dogs with low vaccination rates was the initial response, but this strategy failed to contain the outbreak. Following discussions with locals, ecologists, epidemiologists, and non-governmental organizations, as well as with support from the FAO and foreign researchers, a One Health approach was implemented, emphasizing better communication, community involvement, and an understanding of the complexities of Bali's dog ecology. The current strategy involves capturing, immunizing, collaring, and releasing unconfined dogs. Vaccination and sterilization are recommended for domesticated dogs. Despite the ongoing epidemic, it is estimated that at least half of Bali's dogs have received vaccinations, and human rabies cases have decreased since 2010.

David C. Hall, Anak Agung Gde Putra, Iwan Willyanto and Edi Basuno

Integrating a One Health approach to avian influenza control in New Zealand

In 2004, New Zealand increased its surveillance of wild birds and poultry due to the unprecedented spread of avian influenza (subtype H5N1) throughout Asia and the possibility of a new influenza pandemic in humans. Additionally, the government updated its pandemic preparedness plan by assembling an interdisciplinary team. Coordinated international and national efforts are necessary for pandemic preparation. Engaging stakeholders, educating the public, and practicing good governance are crucial.

Wlodek L. Stanislawek, Thomas G. Rawdon and Susan C. Cork

Mycobacterium tuberculosis in elephants in Asia (Nepal): taking a One Health approach

The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified tuberculosis as a global public health emergency, making it the most common infectious agent-related cause of death for humans. In many regions of South and Southeast Asia, the illness is endemic. M. tuberculosis is regarded as an obligatory human pathogen with no known animal reservoirs, despite the fact that several Mycobacteria are zoonotic and can cause tuberculosis in both humans and animals. It is known that animals that interact closely with people can contract human strains of the virus. Elephant tuberculosis is typically caused by M. tuberculosis infection and is most frequently observed in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). A One Health approach to disease prevention and control has proven crucial because of the disease's intricate ecology and the difficulties of managing a "reverse zoonosis" in a nation where the illness is endemic in humans.

Susan K. Mikota, Gretchen E. Kaufman, Naresh Subedi and Ishwari P. Dhakal

Occupational and recreational risk factors for leptospirosis in Malaysia

To date, 38 Leptospira serovars have been isolated in Malaysia from humans and animals. Infections have been observed in military personnel at rural training centers and the disease is recognized as an occupational hazard for people engaged in agricultural and mining activities. Studies have reported a high enzootic incidence in the domestic animal population (Bahaman et al., 1987; El Jali and Bahaman, 2004). Outdoor recreational activities have also been associated with leptospirosis in Malaysia, with one of the largest outbreaks reported among participants of an Eco-Challenge race in Sabah in 2000

(Sejvar et al., 2003).

Rift Valley Fever in Kenya

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a virus that infects both humans and animals and is spread by mosquitoes. In Kenya, RVF outbreaks have been effectively managed through an integrated One Health strategy that includes public health education, vector control measures, and livestock vaccination campaigns. Given the interdependence of environmental, animal, and human health, a One Health approach is a crucial tactic to enhance our comprehension of RVF epidemiological dynamics and to direct risk mitigation or control measures

(Anyamba et al., 2010).

Practical applications in LMICs or fieldwork scenarios

Biosecurity Lessons (Ethiopia type scenario): Interventions in livestock markets such as trading partners co-designing low-cost hygienic partitions and peer enforcement protocols represent the type of community designed One Health practices recommended in WHO toolkits and agroveterinary frameworks (WHO One Health Resource Hub).

Joint Vaccination Campaigns (Tanzania): Recent mass immunization campaigns led by Tanzania’s Ministry of Health, WHO, and partners have reached nearly 8 million children for measles–rubella vaccination, combining health promotion with logistical coordination across sectors (WHO | Regional Office for Africa). Measles second-dose coverage reached up to 44% in rural areas, reflecting focused strategies to reach underserved communities (frontiersin.org).

Youth-Led AMR Clubs (Nigeria): The “AMR on the Street” and DRASA Trust initiatives mobilized students and market sellers toward antibiotic stewardship through local campaigns and SMS tracking tools (drasatrust.org). The AMR Ambassadors program from Students Against Superbugs Africa further highlights youth-generated awareness and advocacy in AMR (studentsagainstsuperbugs.org).

Ecohealth Innovations (Cambodia/Asia): Integrated rice-fish-duck farming systems enhance productivity, reduce chemical inputs, and sustain ecological balance demonstrated in field studies across Southeast Asia, including Cambodia (PMCen.wikipedia.org). These polyculture innovations exemplify community-led ecohealth solutions.